Introduction to the Rana Tharu
The Rana Tharu tribe, an indigenous community, primarily found in Nepal’s southwestern Terai region (Kailali & Kanchanpur), with possible historical migrations from the Thar desert, Rajasthan, India. Legend has it that ethnically, their background is Rajput, members of a high caste in Rajasthan (But, most scholars invalidate this claim). The Rana Tharu community has a rich history, diverse cultures, and unique lifestyles. This community has a distinct culture, with its own dialect of the Rana Tharu language and vibrant traditional attire, especially among women who wear intricately embroidered clothing. The Rana Tharu community distinguishes itself through language, attire, custom and traditions and its spicy cuisine, contrasting with the Chaudhary Tharus of Nepal.
They live close to the jungle and wildlife in environmentally friendly mud-and-thatch houses made up of local resources and celebrate festivals like Holi, Deepawali, and Teej with traditional dances and music. The Rana Tharu maintain a well-defined social structure led by a village headman, or Bhalmansa. Primarily relying on agriculture, growing crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and seasonal crops along with fishing and animal husbandry. The Rana Tharu are a vital part of Nepal's diverse cultural landscape, contributing significantly to the country's overall social and cultural fabric.
The Challenges, Resilience and the Contemporary Condition of the Rana Tharus
Despite their rich cultural heritage, the Rana Tharu community had faced numerous challenges, including economic hardships, resettlement due to the extension of national park, and threats to their cultural preservation.
I have always been fascinated by the Rana Tharu culture, and their origin. So, when I had the chance to visit the Rana Tharu community in Kanchanpur, I eagerly inquired about their history. One of the locals shared a poignant story, "The Ranas were originally from Rauteli Bichwa, Kanchanpur, and were later dispersed due to park-induced resettlement. Many of their land holdings decreased significantly, resulting in them becoming small landowners or even landless”. With almost no education, their ability to improve their circumstances was severely limited. They had only few other options than farming, which led to significant economic hardships. The current location they are living in had less cultivable land and more conflicts with wildlife. Life was extremely difficult for the Ranas for more than two decades. They are still adjusting and adapting, but their condition is gradually improving.
This narrative highlights the resilience of the Rana Tharu people, who continue to preserve their cultural identity despite the challenges they face. Their story exemplifies their resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity.
Now, some organizations are working to empower the Rana Tharu through education, and sustainable development while promoting their cultural heritage through festivals and cultural programs.
Rana Tharu Art, a vivid representation of the rich cultural heritage of the Rana Tharu community from the Terai region of Kailali and Kanchanpur, is a remarkable proof of the community's creativity and deep-rooted traditions. Predominantly created by women, this art form not only showcases intricate patterns and vibrant colors but also plays a crucial role in preserving the cultural identity and heritage of the Rana Tharu people.
Life in Color and Tradition
Rana Tharu Art is distinguished by its brilliant palette of colors and detailed craftsmanship. The textiles feature an array of bright colors such as red, green, blue, yellow, and orange, woven into complex geometric designs that are often symmetrical and repetitive, creating a visually captivating effect. This craftsmanship is similar to other Southeast Asian textiles, which also use natural dyes and intricate patterns to reflect cultural traditions. Both regions value weaving and embroidery techniques and often use cotton and silk materials. Some women design their clothes using common motifs such as horses and peacocks. However, in Rana Tharu textiles, specific motifs like these are prominently featured, while Southeast Asian textiles, such as Indonesian batik and Thai silk, have their own unique styles and symbols like lotuses and dragons. The bold color palette of Rana Tharu textiles contrasts with the wider range of hues in Southeast Asian textiles. Mirror work, a traditional embellishment in many South Asian textiles, adds a reflective quality to Rana Tharu fabrics, enhancing their visual appeal, which differs from some Southeast Asian textiles that might emphasize different decorative techniques. Additionally, while Rana Tharu textiles remain true to their localized traditions, Southeast Asian textiles show a blend of influences from trade and colonial history.
The detailed embroidery on Rana Tharu textiles often includes floral and abstract designs, executed with precision and artistry. The edges of the garments are adorned with colorful pom-poms and tassels, adding a playful and dynamic touch. Additionally, the use of patchwork with different fabrics and textures not only contributes to the aesthetic diversity but also reflects the resourcefulness in utilizing available materials. These elements come together to create a vibrant representation of the community's beliefs, rituals, and connection to nature, reflecting their close relationship with nature and wildlife.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
The intricate patterns and vibrant colors of Rana Tharu Art are more than mere decoration; they embody deep symbolism, reflecting the community's beliefs, rituals, and connection to nature. Each motif and design element tells a story, representing various aspects of the community's cultural heritage and beliefs. This art form is a living heritage, passed down through generations, predominantly by women who play a crucial role in keeping the tradition alive.
Promoting Sustainability and Cultural Continuity
Emphasizing the principle of recycle and reuse, Rana Tharu Art is promoted as part of the Cultural and Creative Industries and Creative Economy. This approach not only preserves traditional practices but also fosters cultural continuity and contributes to a sustainable future. By recycling and reusing materials, the artisans of the Rana Tharu community demonstrate an environmentally conscious approach to their craft, ensuring that their artistic traditions are both sustainable and economically viable.
Supporting and preserving Rana Tharu embroidery is essential for maintaining the cultural heritage and identity of the community. It ensures that future generations can connect with their rich traditions and stories, safeguarding these narratives from being lost. Promoting this art form empowers local artisans with sustainable livelihoods, fosters pride within the community, and enriches the global tapestry of textile arts.
Spotlight on Notable Artisan: Gomati Rana
A shining example of the dedication and skill inherent in Rana Tharu Art is Gomati Rana, a renowned artisan from Naya Basti Kattan, Kanchanpur. At 48 years old, Gomati has spent many years mastering the craft of designing and creating the vibrant Rana Tharu costumes and accessories for both men and women. Her exceptional skills have made her a celebrated figure in her village.
Not only does Gomati craft these intricate and colourful garments, but she also shares her knowledge and passion with others. She teaches the art of creating Rana Tharu dress to her fellow villagers and even to foreigners who visit her homestay. Through her efforts, Gomati ensures that the rich traditions of the Rana Tharu community are passed down and appreciated by a wider audience.
Conclusion
Rana Tharu Art, with its colorful threads, mirror work, and rich display of stitch patterns, stands as a vivid representation to the creativity and resilience of the Rana Tharu community. This resilience is evident in their unwavering commitment to preserving their cultural heritage, despite facing various challenges over time, demonstrating their enduring strength and adaptability. It is a celebration of their cultural heritage and an embodiment of their connection to nature and tradition. By supporting and preserving this unique art form, we not only honor the craftsmanship and stories of the Rana Tharu people but also contribute to a sustainable and culturally diverse future. Artisans like Gomati Rana play a crucial role in this endeavor, ensuring that the vibrant legacy of Rana Tharu Art continues to thrive for generations to come. Through her teaching and community engagement, she exemplifies the strength and perseverance that define the Rana Tharu spirit, making their art a living evidence to their enduring resilience.
